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You might also like. Download Download PDF. Translate PDF. The main objective of the fourteen-day summer school is to organize an innovative learning pro- cess at doctoral level, focusing primarily on enhancing the quality of individual the Public Sphere dissertation projects through an intercultural and interdisciplinary exchange and networking programme. This said, the summer school is not merely based on traditional postgraduate teaching approaches like lectures and workshops.
The summer school also integrates many group-centred and individual ap- proaches, especially an individualized discussion of doctoral projects, peer-to- peer feedback — and a joint book production. The communicative figurations approach as a heuristic concept to study — and shape — the transformation of journalism Power to define danger?
To confirm the nearby world and to shape the world beyond our reach Mapping humanitarian imaginary through changing patterns of visibility Digital photographic practices and the elderly Towards a new analytical approach for examin- ing the transnationalization of public spheres The challenge of urban space to urban media studies An outdated theory or contemporary debate?
A coping strategy in a risk society The sqridge as a metaphor for agonistic interchange Remarks on the alteration of academic practice About the book It is clearly not an underestimation to state that the pillars of social self-under- standing are in the midst of a reconstruction process: What constitutes public spheres, what produces and disseminates representations, and what defines a journalist against the backdrop of the incessant spread of rapid digital media changes.
Although there are also many stabilities, these transformation pro- cesses impact practically on all aspects of the communicative construction of social reality, e. Communication and media research is at the forefront of the scholarly attempts to answer the question how social and cultural processes are driven or moulded by digitization and other kinds of media change, meaning: the increas- ing intensity of mediatization processes and therefore the growing importance of digital social media when it comes to news, representational processes and the construction of public spheres.
This book focuses on the challenges that are an intrinsic motif of transition periods like the one our societies, cultures and academias are currently experiencing in the face of digital media imperatives.
From its various perspectives, it tackles a gigantic and fundamental question that occupies scholars in one or another form: How does research reflect the never-ending flow of new ideas, drafts, risks and opportunities, overcoming borders and limits between crisis and euphoria? Kramp, L. Kilborn eds. Journalism, Representation and the Public Sphere.
This book can be understood as a distillate of a broad commitment to excellence in research on media and communication, generated in affiliation with the annual European Media and Communication Doctoral Summer School, and organ- ised, promoted and invigorated by both junior and senior researchers from all over Europe and beyond.
Likewise, the book is much more than a reflection of the intellectual outcome of a summer school and certainly cannot be reduced to conference proceedings: most of the chapters reach significantly beyond the work presented at the Summer School. The book picks up on the underlying idea of promoting the pluralism of theoretical and methodological approaches for the study of contemporary mediated and mediatized communication and establishing transnational dialogue s with these diverse and often still cultur- ally enclosed approaches.
As part of the Researching and Teaching Commu- nication Series, this edited volume occupies a liminal position in the field of academic books as it presents both conceptual insights of ongoing research as well as the results of completed research. The three chapters of the first section focus on the current state of journal- ism, its practice, its education and its role in society. Leif Kramp U Bremen opens the section with a discussion of transformational processes in journal- ism.
Bertrand Cabedoche U Stendhal-Grenoble 3 focuses on journalism education at the intersection of the mass media and the social media age. Discussing the role of the UNESCO as a promoter of responsible journalism, the chapter outlines research desid- erata on journalism education with an emphasis on specific recommendations. Introduction 9 Eimante Zolubiene U Vilnius investigates the role news media play in com- municating risks such as natural disasters, political crises or technologically induced accidents.
Zolubiene outlines a research design for a systematic anal- ysis of risk discourse in news media as it appears across areas such as social, economic, political, cultural, environmental or technological problems. The second section presents three chapters that centre on the forms and roles of representation in everyday life. Saiona Stoian SNSPA Bucha- rest analyzes how media representations of suffering and mobility intertwine with respect to a humanitarian imaginary.
Maria Schreiber U Vienna focuses on mobile media technology to investigate how elderly media users digitally produce and share photos, with their smartphones. The chapter wants to show how the different affordances that come with mobile multimedia devices are used in an age-spe- cific way. Polownikow introduces an analytical concept to further develop the study of the transnationalization of the public sphere by incorporating media content qualities.
Hannu Nieminen U Hel- sinki argues that the change of media production, with the marginalization of the mass media, the growing level of education, and the increase in leisure time, has already transformed civic subjectivity and continues to change into a more self-reflexive and autonomous form of individuality. Nieminen connects a theoretical approach towards media crisis with the discussion of communica- tion policy and media regulation. Magnus Hoem Iversen U Bergen strives to understand how traditional and emerging forms of intentional, political communication are perceived and interpreted by audiences.
By discussing an original case study on situations where people are somehow forced into the role of an audience viewing a media spectacle, Tosoni points out that conceptualizations of space — when related to media — should be ex- tended into a fully fledged relational approach, given the omnipresence of media. Section Four consists of three chapters that suggest rethinking media studies by highlighting different fields of investigation: feminist theory, mem- ory studies and social risk theory.
Georgina Newton Bournemouth U offers a fresh look on socialist-feminist theory from the perspective of critical media studies: Newton calls for a comprehensive approach that integrates all women who are subjected to capitalist and patriarchal media. Reifova is interested in the intertwining of individual and collective memory with respect to the different memory inducing influences of analogue and digital media. The authors investigate self-censorship as a relatively new phenomenon in risk society and conceptualize these mechanisms as coping strategies to deal with the profoundly altered relationship between privacy and publicness.
The fifth section presents reflections and tangible advice on the dynam- ic field of academic practice. Nico Carpentier VUB discusses strategies of overcoming various areas of antagonistic conflicts in academia. Leif Kramp U Bremen then questions the benefits and drawbacks that digitization brings for science in general, and for academic practice in particular.
The second part of the book contains the abstracts of the doctoral projects of all 41 students that participated in the Summer School. Throughout the book, a series of photographs taken during the programme are also included. Introduction 11 2. From then on, these partic- ipating universities have organised annual summer schools for PhD students in the field of media and communication studies, lasting for one or two weeks and taking place in a wide range of locations, including Grenoble, Lund, Bar- celona, London Helsinki, Tartu and Ljubljana.
In , it took place from 3 to 16 August. The central goals of the Summer School are: a. The PhD projects of the participating students are at the centre of the Summer School, and its main aim is to enhance the academic quality of each individual project.
In contrast to many other summer schools, the main task of the instructional staff is not to lecture, but to provide support to the participants in their PhD trajectories. The Summer School provides this support through structured, high-qual- ity and multi-voiced feedback on the work of each individual PhD student, combined with numerous opportunities for informal dialogues.
The feedback consists of a series of extensively elaborated analyses of the strengths and weaknesses of the PhD projects, which allow PhD students to structurally im- prove the quality of their academic work. Although the feedback is provided by experts in the field of media and communication studies, these authoritative voices never become authoritarian, and the autonomy of the participants is never ignored.
Moreover, feedback is always multi-voiced: different lecturers and participants contribute to the analysis of each individual PhD project, en- hancing the richness of the feedback and allowing a diversity of perspectives to become articulated. The Summer School combines a constructive-supportive nature with a critical perspective.
During the feedback sessions, the evaluation consists of a balanced overview of the qualities and problems of a doctoral research and publication project, in combination with the options that can be used to over- come these problems. Moreover, the workshops and the lectures are aimed to support the future academic careers of the participants by allowing them to acquire very necessary academic and self-management skills.
The atmosphere of the Summer School is fundamentally non-competitive, as the talents of all participants will be acknowledged, and participants and lecturers act as peers, cherishing academic collegiality and collaborative work. The Summer School also expresses the utmost respect for academic di- versity. We recognize the existence of a plurality of schools, approaches, theo- ries, paradigms, methods, and cultures in academia, which makes the Summer School predestined for conversation and dialogue, and not for conversion and conflict.
Its commitment to diversity in approaches can only be made possible through an equally strong commitment to academic rigueur, thoroughness, re- sponsibility, honesty and quality. Finally, the Summer School aims to stimulate connectedness.
We recog- nize the necessary nature of intellectual exchange for academia and the impor- tance of transcending frontiers. In order to realise these principles, the fourteen-day Summer School was based on a combination of lectures, training workshops, student-work- shops and working visits.
The core format of the Summer School is based on the so-called feedback-workshops, which are oriented towards providing the doctoral students with the structured, high-quality and multi-voiced feedback mentioned above. For this purpose, the following specific procedure was used: After their application is approved, the participating doctoral students upload their page papers onto the intranet of the Summer School website. These flow-managers coordinate the activities of the feedback-workshop flows for the entire duration of the Summer School.
During the feedback-workshops, each doctoral student presents his or her project, which is then commented upon by the fellow participant-respondent, the lecturer-respondent and the flow-manager, and finally discussed by all par- ticipants. At the end of the series of feedback-workshops, a joint workshop is organised, where the diversity of paradigmatic, theoretical and methodological approaches is discussed, combined with the intellectual lessons learned at the Summer School.
In addition, the training workshops are a crucial pedagogical tool for the Summer School. These workshops provide the doctoral students with practi- cal training on issues related to making posters, publishing, abstract-writing, comparative research, literature review, oral presentation skills, communica- tion of scientific topics to lay audiences, interactive teaching to larger groups, interrogating sources, and creative online writing.
They are combined with a number of lectures which aim to deal with specific content, focussing on specific theories or concepts. All of their abstracts, and a selection of six chapters based on their work, are included in this book. The number of lecturers was 22, including 20 permanent lecturers from partner institutions and two guest lecturers from Denmark and the UK. The focus of the discussion was on cur- rent challenges of journalism and strategies of a news organization to combine quality management, marketing and cost-efficiency in an increasingly prob- lematic economical situation.
The conceptual idea of this initiative was also to build a bridge between the doctoral research and media practice. Both were supported by the in- ternational director Nico Carpentier. Introduction 15 4.
Assessment and perspectives The evaluation was conducted in the form of a workshop including a half-stand- ardized, anonymous survey. All participants completed an evaluation form to rate, and comment on, the lectures and workshops held during the two weeks of the Summer School.
The evaluation generated — like the year before in — a very positive feedback and constructive suggestions for further improving some of the con- ceptual and scheduling aspects for future summer schools: The reputation, ex- perience and teaching qualities of the lecturers present at the Summer School as well as their approachability was appreciated even more than the year before by the participants.
Also, the Summer School management was given high marks. It was further highly appreciated that the lectures were prepared especially for the Summer School.
In the view of the participants, the mixture of workshops and lectures in the Summer School programme was very well-balanced. The interactivity and extended length of workshops 2 hours instead of 1 hour in previous Summer Schools was appreciated. Additionally, also the scholar- ship programme was appreciated. The Summer School will continue to offer scholarships to cover the registration fees for participants from Eastern and Southern Europe, thus enabling young researchers to come to Bremen who otherwise would not be able to afford it.
This is due to the continuing economic crisis in countries like Portugal, Spain and Greece amongst others. The aim of the scholarship programme is to allow more participants from these regions, who would otherwise not be able to attend and to benefit from the high-value feedback, access to the learning and networking opportunities of the European Media and Communication Doctoral Summer School.
The overall positive and encouraging feedback was complemented by numerous comments on the social network platforms that were used together with the Summer School website as complementary discussion and network- ing instruments.
After the Summer School, many participants left positive comments on the website of the Summer School Facebook group, e. Miss you all already and hope we see each other again Lots of luck and sleep! And of course special thanks to the organizers and lecturers! Thank you. Let me know if you come to Turkey. I miss you guys and I wish you all the best with your PhD projects. Good luck working on your projects and hope to see you again.
Greetings from Lithuania! Final acknowledgments The Summer School is supported by a wide range of individuals and institu- tions. Over the past years, lecturers and flow managers have invested a lot of energy in lecturing and providing support. The doctoral students themselves have shown a tremendous eagerness which can only be admired and applauded.
Additional thanks goes to the Communicative Figurations research network. With its diverse sections and chapters this edited volume shows that journalism, representations and public spheres all face profound, and maybe somewhat similar, challenges in the era we depict as digital: Journalism is undergoing a transformation as a profession, a cultural practice and a busi- ness, experiencing alterations of its structures, instruments and routines; the role and impact of media representations in everyday life are also changing and with them the way public spheres, space and politics are constructed and negotiated.
This is it what makes the Sum- mer School a unique learning and networking experience, bringing together the less experienced and the more experienced from all over Europe and even beyond, in order to discuss their research agendas.
To preserve this experience, be reminded in many of the Summer School languages : Researchers, work together! Les chercheurs, ensemble! Forscht gemeinsam! Forskere, sam- men! Teadlased koos! I ricercatori, in- sieme! Mokslininkai kartu! Forskere, sammen! Raziskovalci, skupaj! Los investigadores, juntos! Forskare, tillsammans! Onderzoekers, samen! It is described how journalism as a cul- tural practice becomes successively marginalized by other sources of informa- tion and an overall change of media use and appropriation.
It is further argued that journalism as a professional field and the institutional and organisational structure that has sustained and nourished it for decades is undergoing a radical re-orientation in addressing the public. Empirical in- sights and observations of recent developments on the German news market complement this argumentation. Keywords: digital journalism, transformation, mediatization, communicative figurations, organisational learning, newsroom innovation, participation Kramp, L.
Jour- nalism, Representation and the Public Sphere. Introduction Not a month passes without bad news on the economics of the printed news media. Loss of revenues, decline of circulation, editorial staff cuts — deteri- orative trends have intensified in recent years and have had inevitable conse- quences for the institutional and organizational constitution of journalism.
A focus on economical challenges tends to dominate theoretical considerations and practical reflections on this change. At the same time, however, more fun- damental questions arise about the transformation of journalism as a profes- sion and cultural practice: What are the socio-cultural challenges of journal- ism in our rapidly changing digital media culture?
What is the role of technological innovations and broader changes of attitude towards the traditional agents of the public? Or should we focus on institutional questions such as editorial reform processes or the re-inven- tion of traditional newspaper publishers as multi-platform corporations? Or are journalists themselves primarily drivers of innovation? There is no clear answer to the initial question of what challenges, churns or changes journalism most.
The transformation of nearly all core parameters on the macro, meso and micro level of journalism practice is in full swing. This calls for integrative approaches to describe, analyse and explain the tectonic shifts, turbulences and reinventions that journalism is facing.
A focus on the communicative construction of social reality provides such an integrative explanation frame. In a deeply mediatized world, where tech- nical communication media shape all of our everyday symbolic interactions and constructions of meaning, journalism is no longer the dominant source for current information on world affairs. A multitude of new actors have comple- mented the former widely exclusive privilege of news organization to dissem- inate up-to-date information and opinion.
This development has implicated an altered status of news: News has become less a commodity — and more a common property that is shared by millions. News can be found not only on classical news websites, but also in social networks, collaborative knowledge platforms, e-mail portals, search engines and so forth: As a consequence, the definition of news has become more floating, referring more diffusely to a journalistic product, fabricated along a defined set of rules and criteria.
Therefore, in the 21st century, journalism increasingly competes more intensively than ever with this potpourri of contents of various provenance lay communication, interest-driven PR, propaganda, gossip etc. This poses a profound issue for journalism itself, and journalism research as well: How do the new dynamics of social interaction in mediatized commu- nities and societies at large relate to the perception and value of professional newsgathering.
This is not solely a question of cost efficiency in order to stop the economical downturn in the news industry. More fundamentally, it is about how journalism can build stronger, more honest and credible relationship with its audiences.
The urgency of this imperative is documented strongly by recent occurrences of distrust, suspicion and even hate against journalists and the mass media in Germany. The mediatization of everything The spread of the Internet has greatly strengthened social meta processes of individualization, globalization and commercialization, pushing mediatization of all areas of life forward. Following Krotz ; , the term mediatiza- tion refers to a metaprocess of social change, the moulding of everyday social worlds by a variety of technical communication and information media: The ambition of mediatization research is not, primarily, to understand the changing media in their own right, nor to chart forms of mediation in different places and times.
Rather, as for globalization or urbanization or individualization — the claim is that something which always existed in one form or another the world, towns, individuals — and media has come to constitute an organizing principle for other spheres of life. Thus, media and the significance of particular media for their users are also subject to constant change.
Due to the ubiquity of technical communication and information me- dia, the dependence on single media dwindles; but it can be assumed that the relevance and function of media technologies in total increases in all areas of life. Mediatization research shows how fundamentally the conditions of use and appropriation of media and publishing activity have changed the process- ing, dissemination and perception of information as well as the dynamics of interpersonal communication.
Just as the unbridled technological evolution once made the rise of journalism possible, another change now forces it to to adapt and develop new forms, while trying to maintain its strengths and duties cf. Conboy, ; Gordon, In comparison, the Internet offers multimediality in an integrated media environment: Merging media and converging newsrooms represent an ongoing process of rebuilding the technical contexts in which journalism is produced cf.
In this change, the availability, scale, diversity and effectivity of content and search aids provided by the digital media environment are a key factor. The saturation of everyday life worlds with information and communication technologies, especially with digital mobile devices, allows users to be con- nected anytime and anywhere.
Large parts of the population have accepted the digital media sphere as their preferred and comfortable habitat cf. Therefore, today the levels of individual and social activity depend largely on technological and economic imperatives. It comes as no surprise that such mediatization processes put journalism under constraints for action. But unlike during the advent of print media, photogra- phy, radio or television which initially made possible the rise and differentia- tion of journalism as a new kind of social self-observation and self-understand- ing, journalism now has a lot of catching-up to do.
Many old rules, routines and habits prove to be quite stable in the news- room in spite of the radical expansion of the media world cf. Anderson, In newsrooms around the world, individual behaviour patterns prove to be stable particularly with respect to the reluctant use of new media technolo- gies in journalistic work Himelboim and McCreery, ; Reich, The cautiousness and reluctance of established news organizations to adopt new media technology and the Internet as a whole can be ascribed primarily to its asynchronicity, non-linearity and communicative pluri-dimensionality — and therefore the absence of classical mass media characteristics.
The public will comprise more writers than readers. Such an eventuality contradicts the historic achievement of journalism itself as a textual system, namely the creation of the most important reading public of modernity — the public itself.
The prospect of the democratization of public writing is therefore a serious threat to journalism as we know it. Hartley, 43 Over the years, this development has proven itself to be highly ambivalent. In a sense, then, there are more users of journalism today than ever: The usage figures of news sites exceed the circulation decline of their sister newspapers and magazines considerably.
Furthermore, there is an additional huge market supply of non-journalistic websites and services that adds up to the exuberant variety of destinations for information on the Internet. Wikipedia , subject-specific databases e. Internet Movie Database , discussion forums e.
Gaia Online, 4chan , aggregation services e. Flipboard, BuzzFeed , social networks e. Face- book, Linkedin, Xing , communication services e. Twitter, WhatsApp , interactive location-based services e. Google Places, Foursquare , sales portals e. Amazon and countless other types of source for thematically, geographically or target-specific tailored content. There seems to be a satis- factory solution available in the digital environment network for all informa- tion needs.
However, this does not need to be journalism in a strict sense of the term. That is not to say that for some cohorts it is still common to read the newspaper as they were used to for decades — or watch TV and listen to the ra- dio, depending on their retained habits of news consumption. However, media users realign their take on which media best fulfil their needs at any onetime.
Today, users worldwide spend more time with their digital mobile devices than — for example — sitting in front of the television set or reading a newspaper. One result of continued mediatization processes is, among other things, that there are hardly any places or occasions where mobile media communication is a taboo. New areas of everyday life, which were previously largely the domain of analog media — like public transport, the garden or gas- tromony — have become digitally mediatized.
For journalism, this means that the potential of mobile media use can be exhausted extensively for the dissem- ination of news content — and for the interaction with it. That means that over time we have become more and more used to communicating via media in various contexts. A consequence of this is reflected in the economical devel- opment of the press sector: According to the World Press Trends report by WAN-IFRA , newspaper circulation in the United States dropped over 10 percent and in Europe over 23 percent in the course of five years.
Print ad- vertising revenue declined 13 percent worldwide, in the United States nearly 30 percent, and in Europe circa 18 percent in the same period of time. In con- trast, digital business is strongly on the rise, accounting for a revenue growth in advertising of 47 percent and in paid digital subscriptions even over 2, percent globally over these five years.
This level of revenues, though, is still way below the print standard with only a tiny market share in the digital econo- my compared to non-journalistic ventures cf. News organizations are also struggling with the monetarization of their digital journalism ventures cf. Whereas the competition between media companies for the attention and time of users intensifies, media usage becomes tendentially parallel.
Such a densification of media use calls for a higher level of efficiency, otherwise media appropriation threatens to become superficial and unsatisfactory. Jeff Jarvis argues the case for a qualitative re-evaluation of usage metering: He does not see the duration of usage as the most important factor, but the efficiency and effectivity of the gratification of usage motives: Instead of measuring our success by how much more time we can get them to spend with us, we should measure it by how much less time they need to spend with us to reach their own goals.
If the problem is that young people spend less time with news, where is the opportunity in that? I say it is in helping anyone of any age spend even less time, getting more information more efficiently. This constellation is not without tensions, as Robert Picard puts it: This is producing competing and colliding logics of professional journalism, commerce, and participation, and the tensions between these is forcing negotiations of values, norms, and practices. As of yet, however, those changes have induced few new policies and ed- itorial guidelines in established news organizations [ News providers of all sizes are now employing multiple platforms for reaching and engaging with the public.
They are reconceiving the nature of audiences and rethinking what information the public needs in different places, at different times, and the methods in which that information is conveyed. These are all indications of the appearance of new journalistic relations and practices.
Picard, 3. Hartley no longer sees journalism primarily as a pro- fession, but as a form of media literacy for everyone. This man- ifests in direct forms of communication on the Internet, where people can demonstrate, interact, respond or pose their own ideas and views, e. The social media, then, signify an evolution mark in public communication, and it is unlikely that media will jump back. For journalism, this implies far more profound consequences than those caused by previous milestones in media history, such as the introduction of live-broadcasting or the mobile phone.
The Social Web not only means a change of distribution technology, but also a major reorganisation of media producers and media audiences. Of course, not all media users actually produce media content; but they participate as actors within a social online infrastructure that pro- vides new mechanisms for the dissemination of information. In this irreversible structural reconfiguration of the public sphere, journalism has lost its monopoly as the principal narrator of the present in the public sphere.
Journalism might well maintain its core professional values and techniques but the digital age has fundamentally eroded its role as the actuality storyteller. Many observe an enormous potential for strengthening civil society engagement cf.
Jenkins, ; Rosenbaum, It does not necessarily have to lead to an undermined professional jour- nalism, as innovative concepts that aim for forms of cooperation between jour- nalists and cititzens who are there and ready to take a part in newsgathering are developed.
Ideally, citizens can help journalism in its endeavor to perform its duties more effectively by participating, contributing, appropriating, seizing, sharing, reinforcing or casting doubt.
Without committing to a normative agenda, what can we learn from this rebalancing of roles, the shift of publicising hegemony and the erosion of me- dia boundaries? Journalists work not only under the conditions of interdependencies in institutionalized hierarchies which are totally ruled by power structures, but also in varying relations to audiences and other external actors and factors. Building on the intellectual work of Elias , these interdependencies can be conceptualized as communicative figurations that change along with with the structural transformation of the public sphere.
Habermas has suggested how communicative action has changed in society under the influence of the mass media. With the spread of mass media, people gathered less often face-to-face to participate in discussions, but preferred the usage of media contents. The media became detached from the political system and subordinated themselves under market conditions. This had far-reaching consequences, to some extent the determination of media ac- tivity as a consumptive one and a strong institutionalization of professional public agents who were responsible for the production and dissemination of commodified content.
For decades, this historically evolved figuration was relatively stable between mass media actors and their audiences: roles were clearly assigned.
The journalistic power was reserved for the journalists, but the audience was certainly not powerless and decided by demand which medi- um was particularly popular. Theoretically, this opens up a chance for a deliberative society to come to life, honouring the normative promises of democratic theory.
Schmidt, Therefore, the general public sphere is no longer organized solely by the mass media, but is also complemented, shaped and often fragmeted by citizens with their sover- eign opinions and attitudes. This does not necessarily mean the proliferation of an overpowering and unreadable cacophony of voices.
The analysis of communicative figu- rations can focus on questions related to media ensembles, forms of communica- tion, constellations of actors, and thematic framings cf.
Hepp, Traditional mass media are to an extent marginalized, complemented, and in some age groups even substituted by online information services that gradually take up more time across all age groups.
Questions deriving from that include: How and why do audiences rearrange their preferences for spe- cific media? What media characteristics serve information needs best? How do news organizations connect various media in their journalistic product portfo- lio?
And to what extent and variety do innovative forms of journalism emerge with the emergence of new media? The challenge lies in identifying underlying patterns, e. Questions may include: What are the primary reasons for the success of new forms of communication?
How do they facilitate the dissemi- nation of news? Do new forms of communication change information habits? Do new communication roles arise? The Internet and social media provide the communicative infrastructure, enable new forms of classification, dissemination and mediation of information e. Thus, the relationship between journalists and the public changes: The equalization of opportunities for publication online has led to a diversification of the actors involved and voices heard in the public discourse.
Journalists face the challenge to assert their importance as professional commu- nicators and make their work valuable for the permantly empowered audience. The evolution of journalism as an occupational ideology cf. Donsbach, and the re-orientation of a hegemonial to a more collaborative and participatory authority of public dis- course.
Babcock, , but an educational effect that comes with an advanced responsiveness and self-reflex- itivy of journalists and news organizations. Applied to the current transformation processes that affect journalism, these four attributes of a communicative configutation approach show that we are witnessing an exciting scenario. It can be frightening for journalists: The potential for interaction is at an all time high, as are the audience numbers for online news, as are the numbers of households that are connected with the Internet, as are the numbers of adolescents who possess a smartphone.
Over the past decades, the economic uncertainty in journalism has never been more profound than today. The professional discourse in the news industry is shaped by two strong, but conflicting narratives: the diagnosis of crisis and disruption on the one hand hand cf.
Edmonds, ; Tran, , and an op- timistic emergence into digital modernity, embracing innovations and spurring creativity on the other cf. Structures, roles, routines, tools, contents, outreach: Everything that constitutes journalism is at issue and is subject to change. Compared with the economi- cal situation in the United States for example, where since over a doz- en newspapers vanished or ceased their print editions, Germany has retained relatively stable market conditions.
However, over the course of only a few months in , several newsrooms were closed or merged. Many of the journalists who were laid off found new missions — quite a few as self-employed freelance journalists starting their own media outlet providing various forms of communication services e. Funding models for journalism with revenues coming from user fees, advertising, or donations cf.
Need- less to say, this demands from journalists both entrepreneurial and self-organ- ization skills which also transcend formerly segregated domains of editorial work, business strategy, marketing, distribution and so forth. The rumbling years 35 2 New organizational identities: The Axel Springer SE, formerly the biggest newspaper publisher in Germany, has sold nearly all of its German newspaper and magazine titles to a competitor.
The tradition-rich newspaper publishing company strives to focus on its international expansion and digital business strategies. One of the lessons from this re-orientation has been the more flexible business practices of news organizations which understand themselves as multi-platform corporations that aim to diversify their business operations even more. This, in turn, entails a change of strategy, letting the journalistic core business crumble and invest- ing in allegedly more future-oriented ventures, not necessarily connected to journalism.
As the market development for news is expected to be furthermore susceptible to uncertainties and deficits, the pursuit of an integrated approach becomes even more necessary: investing in digital journalism to probe and realize its potentials, to shape and cultivate and advance new media with jour- nalism and claim a prominent role in transforming media ensembles, has not yet become a great vogue in the industry.
Where the free market cannot guarantee the mainte- nance of integral journalistic functions, a mix of institutional and individual actors can compensate and ensure a proper supply of news, e. In Germany, several initiatives have started to undertake journalism projects that act like counterparts of the conventional business model of news that was and still is built mainly on advertising and distribution revenues.
Most importantly, these added features included the oppor- tunity to participate in discussions with authors who e. Doctor, ; Tjaardstra, It was founded by two freelance journalists who were supported by their readers and viewers with donations to travel through Germany and report about the country and its people.
The duo received suggestions directly from their audience and distributed their writ- ten and filmed stories through their website, social media channels and a TV format on public television www. It may turn out that such commercial and philanthropic funding models from civil society are in general not a sufficient solution against the recession trend on the affected news markets cf.
Jarvis, ; Shirky, Thus, also business models that originate from journalism itself and follow the prior aim to invest in and secure the editorial work are crucial. The independent news- room of ProPublica, an often referred to non-profit project in New York, is one outstanding, but not singular example of how newsrooms operate successfully, detached from media corporatios, while achieving a broad outreach, local dif- ferentiation and professional liability in their reporting. In each year of its ex- istence, ProPublica, which was founded in , set innovative milestones in the progression of what journalism can accomplish, including award-winning long-term investigations, big data analysis, an informant database of contrib- uting citizens, and extensive collaborations with newspapers, broadcasters and blogs, to name only a few cf.
Encyclo, ; Lichterman, ; Tofel, It has quickly climbed up the ranks of the most frequented news websites cf. TomorrowFocus, Beside Ger- many, the popular news brands have conquered several other European coun- tries like France and Spain with their own newsroom staff that produce original content or translate it into local languages. With HuffPo and Buzzfeed, Europe imported a new style and understanding of what journalism can be — follow- ing, not exclusively , criteria like emotionality, sensationalism, or comedy.
Down- ie, Jr. For most of journalism, corporate success is a basic requirement for accomplishing this. It is therefore not surprising that there is still a dominant economical and business-oriented understanding of innovation in the news industry. Hence, news organizations as enablers and marketers of journalism react to market changes first of all with a reconfiguration of their business strategy. It is also not very surprising that especially the big, old, established news organizations wrestle with the challenges posed by transmedial trans- formations.
When newsrooms turn out to be a nexus of contestation, where enthusiasm encoun- ters reluctance, constrasting working perceptions and newsroom cultures can become involved in dramatic conflict. Long-cherished habits and routines are more difficult to rearrange than workflows and mentalities in organizational contexts that emphasized the conditions of online communication from the be- ginning. AFP, ; Langley, A figurational research approach overcomes but does not neglect the historically manifested dual structure of the news economy: journalism re- sponsible for news production and media institutions for generating revenue.
Recent developments show an accelerated pace in the innovation cycle, tech- nology-wise and with respect to new forms of communication that are adopted by a massive number of media users.
News organizations try to react with adaptations of their portfolio, but struggle to promote radical organization- al transformation in the newsrooms. Paradoxically, then, journalism is astoninglishy well prepared to report on the day-to-day transformations of cul- ture and society, but the journalists themselves are comparatively restitant to change. It seems difficult to change editorial habits and mentalities, accompa- nied by a crisis discourse whose central point of reference is the preservation of existing structures and newsroom cultures: There is another interesting phenomenon that is typical also for other well documented revo- lutions which is that a part of the elite, in our case professional elites: journalism, has already lost believe in itself, yet is so invested in its old professional self-conception and role models that it would actually rather go down in perish and disappear than change its practices or renew its relationship to its newly empowered audience.
Blau, What makes the situation for news organizations even more complicated is the absence of a major single disruption that is solely responsible for the unrest in the news industry, a powerful disruptive factor that can be worked against strategically and that can be made responsible for all the upheaval and unrest in one of the formerly most stable industries of the western world. Organisational learning as an operational concept for journal- ism transformation Journalism does not find itself challenged for the first time by technological and social transformations.
In earlier transformations, the mass press remod- eled the newsroom organization and distribution, the telegraph and telephone revolutionized communication and news transmission in the 19th century, and as two electronic mass media — radio and television — broadened the mass media stage in the 20th century.
During these times journalists were initially baffled by the possibilities provided to them by new technology — and quite a few saw a threat in them cf. Journalists first reacted by transferring their established work routines and forms of presentation into the new media. For instance, only after a lengthy process of individual and collec- tive adaptation and learning did radio and later television journalism develop their own languages and forms.
It seems obvious that history might repeat itself in the case of the current development in digital journalism practice. The concept of organizational learning lends itself quite well as an at- tempt to make sense of the required or actual measurable transformations of journalism deriving from the theoretical heuristic concept of communicative figurations.
By investigating the determinants, constraints and the potential that is inherent in organizational structures e. In many news organizations, journalists tend to ignore how organizational, economic and cultural structures are fundamen- tally affected by mediatization and digitization. As Clay Shirky aptly puts it: When someone demands to know how we are going to replace newspapers, they are really demanding to be told that we are not living through a revolution.
They are demanding to be lied to. There are fewer and fewer people who can convincingly tell such a lie. Shirky, b It is debatable, of course, how the significance of each one of the ongoing transformation processes for the future of journalism should be assessed.
The news industry mainly focuses on business strategies, trying to find a promis- ing way out of the regressive economical development. Structural instead of cyclical market crises threaten the economic existence of news organizations, and therefore trigger compensation measures. However, the most serious prob- lem for journalism lies in the inefficient responses of organizational manage- ment to the structural changes taking place in the news economy.
Especially in the United States, some news organizations established research and development units to face the need for editorial innovation as well as marketing innovation cf. However, the very potential of open innovation is connected to lowering the communicative dis- tance between journalists and external actors — first and foremost to the audi- ence.
News organizations can respond to the structural change with a gradual as much as all-emcompassing reconfiguration of their strategy. Constellations and courses for action are therefore sorted and recombined as a conscious act.
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